Alfama, one of Europe’s oldest neighborhoods, showcases a rich history woven with various civilizations. From Phoenician traders to Roman builders, Moorish rulers, Christian conquerors and Jewish residents, this neighborhood encapsulates the diverse influences that have shaped its character. Today, Alfama thrives as a cultural hub, celebrated for its fado music, dynamic festivals, and well-preserved centuries-old architecture. It stands as a living testament to the remarkable legacies of the civilizations that have left an indelible mark on this iconic part of Lisbon.
The Phoenicians and Jews: Early Settlers in Lisbon
Alfama‘s origins can be traced back to the Phoenicians, the great seafaring traders who arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around the 1st millennium BCE. Coming from what is now Lebanon, the Phoenicians established trading outposts across the Mediterranean, including the region that would later become Lisbon. They were not alone in this endeavor—the Hebrews, known for their trading skills and craftsmanship, were among the peoples who accompanied the Phoenicians on their voyages. Together, they laid the economic and cultural foundations of early Lisbon. Although direct evidence of a significant Jewish presence in Alfama during this period is scarce, it is believed that the roots of the Jewish community in Lisbon began to form during this time.
The Greeks: Expanding Trade Networks
After the Phoenicians, the Greeks arrived on the Iberian Peninsula, expanding the trade networks established by their predecessors. Though their presence in Lisbon was not as dominant as in other parts of the Mediterranean, the Greeks further cemented Lisbon’s status as a key trading port. Their influence, though subtle, contributed to the continued growth of Alfama as a bustling commercial hub.
The combination of Phoenician and Greek traders helped ensure Lisbon’s early prosperity, with Alfama‘s location on the river being integral to its role as a trading center.
The Romans: Foundations of a City
By the 2nd century BCE, the Romans had conquered much of the Iberian Peninsula, including Lisbon, which they called Olisipo. The Roman influence on Alfama and the rest of the city was profound. The Romans brought urban planning, architecture, and infrastructure to the area, laying the foundations of the city. Alfama, situated on a hill overlooking the river, was likely a residential area even then, benefiting from the Romans’ introduction of aqueducts, baths, and roads. The natural hot springs in the area, for which Alfama would later be known, were used by the Romans, making it a focal point for leisure and hygiene.
The Visigoths: A Brief Christian Interlude
After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century CE, the Visigoths, a Germanic tribe, took control of the Iberian Peninsula, including Lisbon. During this time, Christianity became the dominant religion, and many Roman buildings were repurposed for Christian worship. However, the Visigothic rule in Lisbon was relatively short-lived, and their impact on Alfama‘s development was minimal compared to the civilizations that came before and after them. Still, they left behind a Christian legacy that would later resurface during the Conquista.
The Arabs: Shaping Alfama’s Character
In the early 8th century, the Moors (Arabs and Berbers) from North Africa invaded the Iberian Peninsula, bringing Islamic culture, architecture, and traditions to Lisbon. The Moors ruled the city for over 400 years, and it was during this time that Alfama truly began to take shape. The very name “Alfama” is derived from the Arabic word “Al-hamma,” meaning hot springs or baths, in reference to the natural springs that were prevalent in the area. Another theory suggests that Alfama comes from the Arabic word “Aljama,” which the Arabs used to refer to Jewish quarters.
Under Moorish rule, Alfama became a densely populated residential area, characterized by its narrow, winding streets—a typical feature of Islamic city planning designed to provide shade and protect against invaders. The Moors also introduced new architectural elements such as courtyards, fountains, and intricate tilework that would influence the style of buildings in the neighborhood for centuries to come. Alfama’s layout today still reflects its Moorish origins, with labyrinthine streets that seem to transport visitors back in time.
The Christian Conquest: A New Era
In 1147, Lisbon was captured by King Afonso I of Portugal during the Christian Conquest, marking the end of Muslim rule in the city. After the Moors were expelled, Alfama retained much of its character but slowly began to integrate more Christian influences. Churches replaced mosques, and the neighborhood became a melting pot of cultures.
Despite the change in rulers, Alfama remained a neighborhood of the working class and fishermen, preserving its distinct identity. The hot springs continued to be an essential feature of the area, and many of the old Moorish homes remained inhabited, giving Alfama a unique blend of Christian and Islamic architecture.
The Jews in Alfama: A Vibrant Community
During the Middle Ages, Alfama was also home to a significant Jewish community. Jewish residents were vital members of Lisbon’s society, contributing to the city’s commerce, finance, and culture. Alfama’s proximity to the river made it an ideal location for Jewish traders and craftsmen.
However, with the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition in the late 15th century, the Jewish community in Alfama, like in the rest of Portugal, faced persecution. Many Jews were forced to convert to Christianity, becoming Conversos or Crypto-Jews, secretly practicing their faith. The legacy of these communities can still be felt in Alfama today, as their hidden homes remain part of the neighborhood’s mysterious charm.
Alfama, a Neighborhood of Many Layers
Alfama, one of Europe’s oldest neighborhoods, showcases a rich history woven with various civilizations. From Phoenician traders to Roman builders, Moorish rulers, Christian conquerors and Jewish residents, this neighborhood encapsulates the diverse influences that have shaped its character. Today, Alfama thrives as a cultural hub, celebrated for its fado music, dynamic festivals, and well-preserved centuries-old architecture. It stands as a living testament to the remarkable legacies of the civilizations that have left an indelible mark on this iconic part of Lisbon.
Alfama: A Tapestry of Brilliant Civilizations in Lisbon’s Oldest Neighborhood
